Book- one author

Author's last name, Author's first name. Title of Book. City of publication: Publisher, date published.

  Example:

Ewans, Martin. Afganistan: A Short History of its People and Politics. New York: HaperCollins, 2002.

Book - two or three authors

First Author's last name, first Author's first name, and next Author's name(s). Title of Book. City of publication: Publisher, date published.

  Example:

Ashton, John and Tom Whyte. The Quest for Paradise. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 2001.

Book - four plus authors

First Author's last name, first Author's first name, et. al. Title of Book. City of publication: Publisher, date published.

  Example:

Ebert, James D., et. al. Biology. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973.

Book - one editor

Editor's last name, Editor's first name, ed. Title of Book. City of publication: Publisher, date published.

  Example:

Mcrae, Murdo William, ed. The Literature of Science: Perspectives on Popular Science Writing. Athens:University of Georgia Press, 1993.

Encyclopedias

Encyclopedia article - known author

Author's last name, Author's first name. "Title of Article." Title of Encyclopedia. Edition.

  Example:

Petrakis, Peter L. "Syringomyelia." Academic American Encyclopedia. 1995 ed.

Encyclopedia article - unknown author

"Title of Article." Title of Encyclopedia. Volume if known. Edition.

  Example:

"Thomas Jefferson." Encyclopedia Britannica. 1996 ed.

Internet

E-mail

Author of message, last name first. <Internet address>. "Title of Message."  Means of transmission to individual, <Internet address>. Date of message.

 Example:

Bradburn, Frances. <bradbur@dpi.state.nc.us>. "Your AUP." Private e-mail message to Molly Media Coordinator, <mmedoc@anyschool.nc.org>. 1 April 1996.

Online article

Author's name if given (last name first). “Title of Page or Document.” Title of Site or Larger Work. Date of electronic publication. <URL (address) of document>. Accessed day month year.

  Example:

Lynch, Tim. "DSN Trials and Tribble-ations Review." Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club. 1996.      <http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html>. Accessed 10 Oct. 1999.

*Note - some word processors automatically format Internet addresses, changing their color and underlining them. Use these defaults if available.

Miscellaneous

Audiovisual Material (Video, DVD CD)

Title. Director, Producer, and/or Writers. Medium. Distributor, Year.

  Examples:

Monet: Legacy of Light. Writ., dir., and prod. by Michael Miller. Videocassette. WBGH Boston, 1989.

Our National Forests. DVD. U.S. National Park Service, 2001.

Personal interview

Name of person interviewed, last name first. Type of interview (Personal interview or Telephone interview). Date of interview.

  Example:

Brooks, Sarah. Personal interview. 15 October 1998.

Photo image

Artist/photographer's last name, first name (if available). Title/[description]. Website title. Institution/website organization. Day month year, <URL>.

  Example:

Brooks, Sarah. Little Green Men. Out of this world. Space, 26 May 2006,      <http://www.littlegreenmeninspace.com>.

Online Databases

American History Online
Author's name, if known, last name first. "Title of Article." Article’s Original Source, if available. Volume number or other identifying numbers. Place and Date of publication, Database Name. <Electronic Address, of the Source>.

 Example:

Williams, Crystal. "Boston Tea Party." In Gilje, Paul A., and Gary B. Nash, eds. Encyclopedia of American History: Revolution and New Nation, 1761 to 1812, vol. 3. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2003. Facts On File, Inc. American History Online. <www.fofweb.com>.

Current Biography

Author #1- Last Name, First Name/initials, Author #2 and more - First Name/Initials, Last Name, and Final Author - First Name/Initials, and Last Name. "Article Title." Journal/Magazine Title volume number.issue number (publication year): page numbers. Database name. H.W. Wilson. Library name or system, city state. Date accessed http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com /

 Example:

Kean, Rita, LuAnn Gaskil, Larry Leistritz. "Effects of community characteristics, business environment, and competitive strategies on rural retail business performance." Journal of Small Business Management 36.2 (1998): 45-57. Wilson OmniFile Full Text, Mega Edition. H.W. Wilson. Colgate University Libraries, Hamilton, NY. 10 Jan. 2005 <http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/>.

Discovering Collection

"Title of Article." Title of Electronic Publication. Producer, Copyright date. Reproduced in DIScovering Collection. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group. Publication date.      <http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DC/>.

  Example:

"Martha Stewart." DISCovering Biography. Gale Research, 1997. Reproduced in DIScovering Collection. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group. December 2001. <http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/DC/>.

EBSCO, SIRS, WISEOWL and other periodical databases

Author's name, if known, last name first. "Title of Article." Article’s Original Source (magazine, book, newspaper, if available). Volume number or other identifying numbers. Date of publication (if available). Database Name. (SIRS, EBSCOhost,Info Trac, etc.) <Electronic Address, or URL, of the Source>. Accessed day month year.

Examples:

Caleca, Vic. "Ancient Astronomers." Indianapolis Star (Indianapolis, IN). pp.F1+. 9 Oct. 1989: Online. SIRS Researcher. <http://sks.sirs.com>. Accessed 15 November 1999.

Rudetsky, Peter. "Back to Nature." Discover. July 1993. Gale InfoTrac.      <http://web5.infotrac.galegroup.com>. Accessed 23 Oct. 2000.

King, Peter. “Starting Over.” Sports Illustrated. 22 Dec. 1997: 122-125. EBSCOhost.      <http://search.epnet.com>. Accessed 12 Oct. 2000.

Grolier Encyclopedia

Author's last name, Author's first name. "Title of Article." Title of Electronic Publication. Publisher. Copyright date. <Network address>. Accessed date.

  Example:

Pasquier, Roger F. "Owl." Encyclopedia Americana Online. Grolier, Inc., 2001. <http://ea.grolier.com>. Accessed 3 Feb 2003.

NoveList

NoveList [Online]. (Title). NoveList/EBSCO Publishing, 2002. Available: Internet.

Periodicals

Magazine or newspaper article - known author

Author's last name, Author's first name. "Title of Article." Title of Publication.  Date published: pages.

  Example:

Tyrangiel, Josh. "Looking Ahead to 2004." Time. 18 Nov. 2002: 50-52.

Magazine or newspaper article - unknown author

"Title of Article." Title of Publication. Date published: pages.

  Example:

"Pocahontas." American History Illustrated. Sept. 1995: 15-21.

Internal Citations

If the quotations in your paper are drawn from only one book, as in an English essay on To Kill a Mockingbird, use the following form to give page numbers only:

  Sample:  

In To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus teaches his children, by word and deed, what his values are. For example, he tells Jem, "I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It's when you know you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what: (116).

If the quotations in your paper are drawn from more than one source, as in a research paper, use the following form which includes the last name of the author:

  Sample:

The ignorance of the colonialists who occupied Nigeria is shown in a comment about the tragic death of an Ibo Leader: "One could almost write a whole chapter about him. Perhaps not a whole chapter but a reasonable paragraph" (Achebe 191).

Note that in neither form is the word page nor the abbreviation p. included. Carefully note the location of punctuation marks.

COPYRIGHT and ETHICS

Students may use lawfully acquired copyrighted works in their research projects, guidelines can be found at:

Copyright in an Electronic Environment
http://www.dpi.state.nc.us/copyright1.htmlETHICS

BIBLIOGRAPHY COMPOSERS

Easybib - The free automatic bibliography composer.

Landmark Citation Machine - An interactive web tool designed to assist high school, college, and university students, their teachers, and independent researchers in their effort to respect other people's intellectual properties.